在C#中将dynamic和var投射到对象
考虑这些function:
static void Take(object o) { Console.WriteLine("Received an object"); } static void Take(int i) { Console.WriteLine("Received an integer"); }
当我这样调用Take
函数时:
var a = (object)2; Take(a);
我得到: Received an object
但是,如果这样说:
dynamic b = (object) 2; Take(b);
我得到: Received an integer
两个参数( a
和b
)都被转换为object
。 但为什么编译器有这种行为?
var
只是一个语法糖,让这个types由RHS决定。
在你的代码中:
var a = (object)2;
相当于:
object a = (object)2;
你得到一个对象,因为你把2
装箱到一个对象。
对于dynamic
,你可能想看看使用dynamictypes 。 请注意, 该types是静态types,但dynamictypes的对象会绕过静态types检查 ,也就是您指定的types:
dynamic b = (object) 2;
被绕过,并且它的实际types在运行时被parsing。
对于它在运行时是如何解决的 ,我相信它比你想象的要复杂得多。
假设你有以下代码:
public static class TestClass { public static void Take(object o) { Console.WriteLine("Received an object"); } public static void Take(int i) { Console.WriteLine("Received an integer"); } public static void TestMethod() { var a=(object)2; Take(a); dynamic b=(object)2; Take(b); } }
我把完整的IL(debuggingconfiguration)放在我的答案后面。
对于这两行:
var a=(object)2; Take(a);
IL只是:
IL_0001: ldc.i4.2 IL_0002: box [mscorlib]System.Int32 IL_0007: stloc.0 IL_0008: ldloc.0 IL_0009: call void TestClass::Take(object)
但是对于这两个:
dynamic b=(object)2; Take(b);
从TestMethod
IL_000f
到IL_007a
。 它不直接调用Take(object)
或Take(int)
,而是像这样调用方法:
object b = 2; if (TestClass.<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1 == null) { TestClass.<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1 = CallSite<Action<CallSite, Type, object>>.Create(Binder.InvokeMember(CSharpBinderFlags.ResultDiscarded, "Take", null, typeof(TestClass), new CSharpArgumentInfo[] { CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(CSharpArgumentInfoFlags.UseCompileTimeType | CSharpArgumentInfoFlags.IsStaticType, null), CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(CSharpArgumentInfoFlags.None, null) })); } TestClass.<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1.Target(TestClass.<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1, typeof(TestClass), b);
TestClass
的完整IL:
.class public auto ansi abstract sealed beforefieldinit TestClass extends [mscorlib]System.Object { // Nested Types .class nested private auto ansi abstract sealed beforefieldinit '<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0' extends [mscorlib]System.Object { .custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute::.ctor() = ( 01 00 00 00 ) // Fields .field public static class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>> '<>p__Site1' } // end of class <TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0 // Methods .method public hidebysig static void Take ( object o ) cil managed { // Method begins at RVA 0x2050 // Code size 13 (0xd) .maxstack 8 IL_0000: nop IL_0001: ldstr "Received an object" IL_0006: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string) IL_000b: nop IL_000c: ret } // end of method TestClass::Take .method public hidebysig static void Take ( int32 i ) cil managed { // Method begins at RVA 0x205e // Code size 13 (0xd) .maxstack 8 IL_0000: nop IL_0001: ldstr "Received an integer" IL_0006: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string) IL_000b: nop IL_000c: ret } // end of method TestClass::Take .method public hidebysig static void TestMethod () cil managed { // Method begins at RVA 0x206c // Code size 129 (0x81) .maxstack 8 .locals init ( [0] object a, [1] object b, [2] class [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo[] CS$0$0000 ) IL_0000: nop IL_0001: ldc.i4.2 IL_0002: box [mscorlib]System.Int32 IL_0007: stloc.0 IL_0008: ldloc.0 IL_0009: call void TestClass::Take(object) IL_000e: nop IL_000f: ldc.i4.2 IL_0010: box [mscorlib]System.Int32 IL_0015: stloc.1 IL_0016: ldsfld class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>> TestClass/'<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0'::'<>p__Site1' IL_001b: brtrue.s IL_0060 IL_001d: ldc.i4 256 IL_0022: ldstr "Take" IL_0027: ldnull IL_0028: ldtoken TestClass IL_002d: call class [mscorlib]System.Type [mscorlib]System.Type::GetTypeFromHandle(valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeTypeHandle) IL_0032: ldc.i4.2 IL_0033: newarr [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo IL_0038: stloc.2 IL_0039: ldloc.2 IL_003a: ldc.i4.0 IL_003b: ldc.i4.s 33 IL_003d: ldnull IL_003e: call class [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo::Create(valuetype [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfoFlags, string) IL_0043: stelem.ref IL_0044: ldloc.2 IL_0045: ldc.i4.1 IL_0046: ldc.i4.0 IL_0047: ldnull IL_0048: call class [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo::Create(valuetype [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfoFlags, string) IL_004d: stelem.ref IL_004e: ldloc.2 IL_004f: call class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSiteBinder [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.Binder::InvokeMember(valuetype [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpBinderFlags, string, class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable`1<class [mscorlib]System.Type>, class [mscorlib]System.Type, class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable`1<class [Microsoft.CSharp]Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo>) IL_0054: call class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<!0> class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>>::Create(class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSiteBinder) IL_0059: stsfld class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>> TestClass/'<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0'::'<>p__Site1' IL_005e: br.s IL_0060 IL_0060: ldsfld class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>> TestClass/'<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0'::'<>p__Site1' IL_0065: ldfld !0 class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>>::Target IL_006a: ldsfld class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite`1<class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>> TestClass/'<TestMethod>o__SiteContainer0'::'<>p__Site1' IL_006f: ldtoken TestClass IL_0074: call class [mscorlib]System.Type [mscorlib]System.Type::GetTypeFromHandle(valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeTypeHandle) IL_0079: ldloc.1 IL_007a: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Action`3<class [System.Core]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, class [mscorlib]System.Type, object>::Invoke(!0, !1, !2) IL_007f: nop IL_0080: ret } // end of method TestClass::TestMethod } // end of class TestClass
dynamic:
-
dynamic
是一个Dynamically typed
- dynamictypes – 这意味着声明的variablestypes是由编译器在运行时决定的。
VAR:
-
var
是一个Statically typed
- 静态types化 – 这意味着声明的variablestypes在编译时由编译器决定。
通过这个,你可以看到Overload的parsing发生在运行时dynamic
。
所以variablesb
保持为int
dynamic b = (object) 2; Take(b);
这就是为什么Take(b);
调用Take(int i)
static void Take(int i) { Console.WriteLine("Received an integer"); }
但是在var a = (object)2
的情况下,variablesa
保持为“对象”
var a = (object)2; Take(a);
这就是为什么Take(a); 来电Take(object o)
static void Take(object o) { Console.WriteLine("Received an object"); }
盒装整数参数分辨率在编译时发生。 这是IL:
IL_000d: box [mscorlib]System.Int32 IL_0012: stloc.0 IL_0013: ldloc.0 IL_0014: call void ConsoleApp.Program::Take(object)
你可以看到它在编译时本身parsing为object
超载。
当您使用dynamic
– 运行时联编程序进入图片。 dynamic
不仅可以parsing为托pipe的C#对象,而且还可以parsingCOM对象或JavaScript对象等非托pipe对象,只要这些对象存在运行库。
而不是显示IL,我会显示反编译的代码(更容易阅读):
object obj3 = 2; if (<Main>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1 == null) { <Main>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1 = CallSite<Action<CallSite, Type, object>>.Create(Binder.InvokeMember(CSharpBinderFlags.ResultDiscarded, "Take", null, typeof(Program), new CSharpArgumentInfo[] { CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(CSharpArgumentInfoFlags.IsStaticType | CSharpArgumentInfoFlags.UseCompileTimeType, null), CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(CSharpArgumentInfoFlags.None, null) })); } <Main>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1.Target(<Main>o__SiteContainer0.<>p__Site1, typeof(Program), obj3);
您会看到Take
方法在运行时由运行时绑定器parsing,而不是由编译器parsing。 所以,它会解决它的实际types。
如果你看看C#规范:
1.6.6.5方法重载
方法重载允许同一个类中的多个方法具有相同的名称,只要它们具有唯一的签名即可。 编译重载方法的调用时,编译器使用重载parsing来确定要调用的特定方法。
和:
7.5.4dynamic重载分辨率的编译时检查
对于大多数dynamic绑定的操作来说,在编译时可能的候选parsing集是未知的。 但在某些情况下,候选集在编译时是已知的:
带有dynamic参数的静态方法调用
实例方法调用接收者不是dynamicexpression式的地方
索引器调用接收器不是一个dynamicexpression式
构造函数使用dynamic参数调用
在这些情况下,对每个候选人进行有限的编译时间检查,看是否有任何候选人可能在运行时间申请
所以,在第一种情况下, var
不是dynamic的, 重载parsing会在编译时find重载方法。
但在第二种情况下,您正在使用dynamic参数调用静态方法 , 重载parsing将在运行时find重载方法
为了帮助你理解dynamicvariables的typesparsing。
-
首先在线上放置一个断点:
Take(b); //See here the type of b when u hover mouse over it, will be int
这明显意味着代码:
dynamic b = (object)2
在分配给dynamicvariables时不会将2转换为对象,而b仍然是int
-
接下来,注释掉
Take(int i)
方法的重载,然后在行Take(b)
(同样:b
types仍然是int
)上放一个断点,但是当你运行它的时候,你会看到打印的值是:Recieved object 。 -
现在,将您的
dynamic
variables调用改为下面的代码:Take((object)b); //It now prints "Received an object"
-
接下来,将您的呼叫更改为下面的代码,并查看返回的内容:
dynamic b = (long)2;
Take(b); // It now prints Received an object because there is no method overload that accepts a long and best matching overload is one that accepts an
Take(b); // It now prints Received an object because there is no method overload that accepts a long and best matching overload is one that accepts an
对象的Take(b); // It now prints Received an object because there is no method overload that accepts a long and best matching overload is one that accepts an
.
这是因为:dynamicvariables的最佳匹配types是根据它在运行时保存的值来parsing的,而最佳匹配的被调用的重载方法是在运行时为dynamicvariablesparsing的。
在第一种情况下,var表示object
所以Take(object o)
被调用。 在第二种情况下,你使用dynamic
types,尽pipe你已经装箱你的int
仍然有关于它的types的信息 – int
所以最好的匹配方法被调用。