如何创build一个Django模型与多到多领域的对象?
我的模型 – >
class Sample(models.Model): users = models.ManyToManyField(User)
我想这样做(在这个模型中保存用户,user1和user2) – >
user1 = User.objects.get(pk=1) user2 = User.objects.get(pk=2) sample_object = Sample( users = user1, users=user2 ) sample_object.save()
我知道这是错误的:D,但我相信你得到了我想要做的事情…那么你会怎么做呢?
您不能从未保存的对象创buildm2m关系。 如果你有pks,试试这个:
sample_object = Sample() sample_object.save() sample_object.users.add(1,2)
更新:在阅读saverio的答案之后 ,我决定深入研究这个问题。 这是我的发现。
这是我最初的build议。 它工作,但不是最佳的。 (注意:我使用Bar
和Foo
而不是User
和Sample
,但是你明白了)。
bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1) bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2) foo = Foo() foo.save() foo.bars.add(bar1) foo.bars.add(bar2)
它产生了总共7个查询:
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1 SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2 INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES () SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1)) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1) SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (2)) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)
我相信我们可以做得更好。 您可以将多个对象传递给add()
方法:
bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1) bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2) foo = Foo() foo.save() foo.bars.add(bar1, bar2)
正如我们所看到的,传递多个对象保存了一个SELECT
:
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1 SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2 INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES () SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2)) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)
我不知道你也可以分配一个对象列表:
bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1) bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2) foo = Foo() foo.save() foo.bars = [bar1, bar2]
不幸的是,这会创build一个额外的SELECT
:
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1 SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2 INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES () SELECT "app_foo_bars"."id", "app_foo_bars"."foo_id", "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE "app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2)) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)
让我们试着分配一个'pk's'列表,如saveriobuild议的那样:
foo = Foo() foo.save() foo.bars = [1,2]
由于我们不抓取两个Bar
,所以我们保存了两个SELECT
语句,总共得到5:
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES () SELECT "app_foo_bars"."id", "app_foo_bars"."foo_id", "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE "app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2)) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)
最终获胜者是:
foo = Foo() foo.save() foo.bars.add(1,2)
传递pk
到add()总共给我们4个查询:
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES () SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1 AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2)) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1) INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)
对于将来的访问者,可以使用django 1.4中的新bulk_create在2个查询中创build一个对象及其所有m2m对象。 请注意,只有在不需要使用save()方法或信号对数据进行任何预处理或后处理的情况下,该function才可用。 你插入的是什么将在数据库中
你可以做到这一点,而不必在该字段中指定“通过”模型。 为了完整起见,下面的示例创build一个空白的用户模型,以模拟原始海报的要求。
from django.db import models class Users(models.Model): pass class Sample(models.Model): users = models.ManyToManyField(Users)
现在,在shell或其他代码中,创build2个用户,创build一个示例对象,并将用户批量添加到该示例对象。
Users().save() Users().save() # Access the through model directly ThroughModel = Sample.users.through users = Users.objects.filter(pk__in=[1,2]) sample_object = Sample() sample_object.save() ThroughModel.objects.bulk_create([ ThroughModel(users_id=users[0].pk, sample_id=sample_object.pk), ThroughModel(users_id=users[1].pk, sample_id=sample_object.pk) ])
Django 1.9
一个简单的例子:
sample_object = Sample() sample_object.save() list_of_users = DestinationRate.objects.all() sample_object.users.set(list_of_users)
RelatedObjectManagers与“模型”中的字段不同“属性”。 实现你正在寻找的最简单的方法是
sample_object = Sample.objects.create() sample_object.users = [1, 2]
这与分配用户列表一样,没有额外的查询和模型构build。
如果查询的数量是困扰你的(而不是简单的),那么最佳解决scheme需要三个查询:
sample_object = Sample.objects.create() sample_id = sample_object.id sample_object.users.through.objects.create(user_id=1, sample_id=sample_id) sample_object.users.through.objects.create(user_id=2, sample_id=sample_id)
这将起作用,因为我们已经知道“用户”列表是空的,所以我们可以无意识地创build。
你可以用这种方法replace一组相关的对象(在Django 1.9中是新的):
new_list = [user1, user2, user3] sample_object.related_set.set(new_list)